Updated: 2009-11-30 10:04:34
. . : Warning The NCBI web site requires JavaScript to function . more . Resources All Resources Literature Bookshelf Journals Database MeSH PubMed PubMed Central All Literature Resources⦠DNA RNA BankIt BLAST GenBank Genome Workbench Influenza Virus Nucleotide Database PopSet Reference Sequence RefSeq Sequence Read Archive SRA Trace Archive All DNA RNA Resources⦠Proteins BLAST BLAST Link BLink Conserved Domain Search Service CD Search GenBank Protein Protein Clusters Reference Sequence RefSeq All Proteins Resources⦠Sequence Analysis BLAST BLAST Stand-alone BLAST Link BLink GenBank Genome Workbench Influenza Virus All Sequence Analysis Resources⦠Genes Expression GenBank Gene Gene Expression Omnibus GEO Datasets Gene Expression Omnibus GEO Datasets Gene Expression Omnibus GEO Profiles Genome Workbench Map Viewer UniGene All Genes Expression Resources⦠Genomes GenBank Genome Genome Project Influenza Virus Map Viewer Nucleotide Database Sequence Read Archive SRA Trace Archive UniSTS All Genomes Resources⦠Maps Markers Genome Genome Workbench Map Viewer UniSTS All Maps Markers Resources⦠Domains Structures Cn3D Conserved Domain Database CDD Conserved Domain Search
Updated: 2009-11-30 10:04:33
The echinocandins: three useful choices or three too many?
Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009 Nov 24;
Authors: Bal AM
Echinocandins act by inhibiting 1,3-beta-d-glucan synthesis in the fungal cell wall. The three licensed agents in this class, namely anidulafungin, caspofungin and micafungin, have a favourable pharmacological profile. These agents are narrow spectrum with clinically relevant activity against Candida and Aspergillus spp. Several trials have established the non-inferiority of these agents over existing agents in the treatment of invasive fungal infections. Caspofungin is also licensed for empirical antifungal therapy of presumed fungal infections in patients with febrile neutropenia. This paper reviews the literature on echinocandins.
PMID: 19942413 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Updated: 2009-11-30 10:04:33
Influence of the AtlE autolysin on the activity of cell wall-active agents against Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009 Nov 24;
Authors: Hello M, Caroff N, Jacqueline C, Caillon J, Potel G, Batard E
PMID: 19942412 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Updated: 2009-11-30 10:04:32
Linezolid treatment of a prosthetic joint infection with Staphylococcus lugdunensis in a patient with multiple myeloma.
Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009 Nov 24;
Authors: Merino P, Arribi A, Gestoso I, Picazo J, Gimeno L, Del Potro E
PMID: 19942414 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Updated: 2009-11-30 10:04:16
Antimicrobial susceptibility of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae strains with penicillin MICs of 8 to 32 mg/L.
Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2009 Nov 24;
Authors: Rodríguez-Cerrato V, Gracia M, Del Prado G, Huelves L, Naves P, Ruiz V, Ponte C, Soriano F
The in vitro activity of 22 antibiotics (including novobiocin) and beta-lactam/gentamicin combinations was assessed against 11 multidrug-resistant pneumococcal strains. Among orally administered drugs, only telithromycin, levofloxacin, and linezolid were active against all isolates, but their use is not indicated in pediatrics. Novobiocin could be a potential therapeutic alternative.
PMID: 19939599 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Updated: 2009-11-30 10:04:15
Extent of Interlaboratory discrepancies for polyclonal Histoplasma antigen Enzyme imunoassay (EIA) cannot be determined without a large split-sample study (reply).
Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2009 Nov 24;
Authors: McKinsey DS, McKinsey J, Northcutt N, Sarria J
PMID: 19939600 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Updated: 2009-11-30 10:03:01
. : Warning The NCBI web site requires JavaScript to function . more . Resources All Resources Literature Bookshelf Journals Database MeSH PubMed PubMed Central All Literature Resources⦠DNA RNA BankIt BLAST GenBank Genome Workbench Influenza Virus Nucleotide Database PopSet Reference Sequence RefSeq Sequence Read Archive SRA Trace Archive All DNA RNA Resources⦠Proteins BLAST BLAST Link BLink Conserved Domain Search Service CD Search GenBank Protein Protein Clusters Reference Sequence RefSeq All Proteins Resources⦠Sequence Analysis BLAST BLAST Stand-alone BLAST Link BLink GenBank Genome Workbench Influenza Virus All Sequence Analysis Resources⦠Genes Expression GenBank Gene Gene Expression Omnibus GEO Datasets Gene Expression Omnibus GEO Datasets Gene Expression Omnibus GEO Profiles Genome Workbench Map Viewer UniGene All Genes Expression Resources⦠Genomes GenBank Genome Genome Project Influenza Virus Map Viewer Nucleotide Database Sequence Read Archive SRA Trace Archive UniSTS All Genomes Resources⦠Maps Markers Genome Genome Workbench Map Viewer UniSTS All Maps Markers Resources⦠Domains Structures Cn3D Conserved Domain Database CDD Conserved Domain Search
Updated: 2009-11-30 10:03:00
. . : Warning The NCBI web site requires JavaScript to function . more . Resources All Resources Literature Bookshelf Journals Database MeSH PubMed PubMed Central All Literature Resources⦠DNA RNA BankIt BLAST GenBank Genome Workbench Influenza Virus Nucleotide Database PopSet Reference Sequence RefSeq Sequence Read Archive SRA Trace Archive All DNA RNA Resources⦠Proteins BLAST BLAST Link BLink Conserved Domain Search Service CD Search GenBank Protein Protein Clusters Reference Sequence RefSeq All Proteins Resources⦠Sequence Analysis BLAST BLAST Stand-alone BLAST Link BLink GenBank Genome Workbench Influenza Virus All Sequence Analysis Resources⦠Genes Expression GenBank Gene Gene Expression Omnibus GEO Datasets Gene Expression Omnibus GEO Datasets Gene Expression Omnibus GEO Profiles Genome Workbench Map Viewer UniGene All Genes Expression Resources⦠Genomes GenBank Genome Genome Project Influenza Virus Map Viewer Nucleotide Database Sequence Read Archive SRA Trace Archive UniSTS All Genomes Resources⦠Maps Markers Genome Genome Workbench Map Viewer UniSTS All Maps Markers Resources⦠Domains Structures Cn3D Conserved Domain Database CDD Conserved Domain Search
Updated: 2009-11-30 10:02:59
. . : Warning The NCBI web site requires JavaScript to function . more . Resources All Resources Literature Bookshelf Journals Database MeSH PubMed PubMed Central All Literature Resources⦠DNA RNA BankIt BLAST GenBank Genome Workbench Influenza Virus Nucleotide Database PopSet Reference Sequence RefSeq Sequence Read Archive SRA Trace Archive All DNA RNA Resources⦠Proteins BLAST BLAST Link BLink Conserved Domain Search Service CD Search GenBank Protein Protein Clusters Reference Sequence RefSeq All Proteins Resources⦠Sequence Analysis BLAST BLAST Stand-alone BLAST Link BLink GenBank Genome Workbench Influenza Virus All Sequence Analysis Resources⦠Genes Expression GenBank Gene Gene Expression Omnibus GEO Datasets Gene Expression Omnibus GEO Datasets Gene Expression Omnibus GEO Profiles Genome Workbench Map Viewer UniGene All Genes Expression Resources⦠Genomes GenBank Genome Genome Project Influenza Virus Map Viewer Nucleotide Database Sequence Read Archive SRA Trace Archive UniSTS All Genomes Resources⦠Maps Markers Genome Genome Workbench Map Viewer UniSTS All Maps Markers Resources⦠Domains Structures Cn3D Conserved Domain Database CDD Conserved Domain Search
Updated: 2009-11-29 23:00:00
(Source: Microbiology and Immunology)MedWorm Message: Get the very latest Swine Flu news via the MedWorm Swine Flu RSS news feed - updated hourly from thousands of authoritative health and news sources.
Updated: 2009-11-26 23:00:00
Authors: Jiang HL, Maszenan AM, Zhao ZW, Tay JH
The physical structure and activity of aerobic granules, and the succession of bacterial community within aerobic granules under constant operational conditions and shock loading were investigated in one sequencing batch reactor over ten months. While the maturation phase of the granulation process began on day 30, the structure of microbial community changed markedly until after three months of reactor operation under constant conditions with a loading rate of 1.5 g phenol L(-1) day(-1). A shock loading of 6.0 g phenol L(-1) day(-1) from days 182-192 led to divergence of bacterial community, an inhibition of the biomass activity, and a decrease in phenol removal rate in the reactor. However, phenol was still completely removed under this...
Updated: 2009-11-26 23:00:00
Authors: Park AR, Oh DK
Galacto-oligosaccharides have become the focus of a great deal of attention in the field of functional foods, owing to their known health benefits and potential to improve the quality of many foods. Because of these properties, they are currently used as low-calorie sweeteners in fermented milk products, confectioneries, breads, and beverages. In this article, the characterization and product inhibition of many microbial beta-galactosidases with transgalactosylation activities, their galacto-oligosaccharide production from lactose, and the application of galacto-oligosaccharides are reviewed. A method for increasing galacto-oligosaccharide production by reducing product inhibition properties via the immobilization and structure modification of the enzymes is als...
Updated: 2009-11-26 23:00:00
This study investigates the diversity and the potential phosphorus-accumulating ability among the purple nonsulfur (PNS) bacteria. Traditional methods and molecular biotechniques were applied. Microscopic visualization using 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining as well as chemical analysis demonstrated that most of the isolated PNS bacteria presented different levels of phosphorus accumulation. Four of the pure cultures, denoted as Rhodopseudomonas palustris CC1, CC7, G11, and GE1, based on their differences in the PNS's pufM gene, exhibited higher internal phosphorus content compared to other isolated strains in this study. In addition, substantial polyphosphate accumulation was observed after the bacteria entered their stationary growth phase. Among them, the isolated R. palustris G11 ...MedWorm Message: Get the very latest Swine Flu news via the MedWorm Swine Flu RSS news feed - updated hourly from thousands of authoritative health and news sources.
Updated: 2009-11-26 23:00:00
Authors: Yu C, Xu H, Huang G, Chen T, Liu G, Chai N, Ji Y, Wang S, Dai Y, Yuan S
The main product of the conversion of puerarin by unpermeabilized cells of bacterium Microbacterium oxydans CGMCC 1788 was puerarin-7-O-glucoside (241 +/- 31.9 microM). Permeabilization with 40% ethanol could not increase conversion yield, whereas it resulted in change of main product; a previous trace product became a main product (213 +/- 48.0 microM) which was identified as a novel puerarin-7-O-fructoside by electrospray ionization time-of-flight MS, (13)C NMR, (1)H NMR, and GC-MS analysis of sugar composition, and puerarin-7-O-glucoside became a trace product (14.8 +/- 5.4 microM). However, the extract from cells of M. oxydans CGMCC 1788 permeabilized with ethanol converted puerarin to form 113.9 +/- 2...
Updated: 2009-11-26 15:24:59
Mold and mildew, like all fungi, produce tiny spores to reproduce. Fungal spores are found throughout the environment and can cause allergic reaction in some people.
Updated: 2009-11-25 23:00:00
Authors: Van Immerseel F, Ducatelle R, De Vos M, Boon N, Van De Wiele T, Verbeke K, Rutgeerts P, Louis P, Flint HJ
No abstract.
PMID: 19942690 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology)
Updated: 2009-11-25 23:00:00
Authors: Surek M, Vizzotto BS, Souza EM, Pedrosa FD, Dallagassa CD, Farah SM, Fadel-Picheth CM
Six hundred and eighty stool samples from patients with diarrhoea and 300 from healthy controls were analyzed for presence of Aeromonas and Plesiomonas. No Plesiomonas was found; however Aeromonas strains were isolated from samples of 18 patients with diarrhoea (2.6%) and from one healthy subject (0.3%). A. caviae was predominant. The response to cephalothin was similar, in most cases, to that of cefazolin.
PMID: 19942692 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology)
Updated: 2009-11-25 23:00:00
This study describes the contribution of rpoN to acid resistance and GDAR gene regulation, and reveals RpoN to be an important regulator of stress resistance and virulence genes in E. coli O157:H7.
PMID: 19942657 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Microbiology)
Updated: 2009-11-25 23:00:00
Authors: Varshney U, Malshetty VS, Jain R, Srinath T, Kurthkoti K
Incorporation of dUMP during replication or deamination of cytosine in DNA result in the occurrence of uracils in genomes. To maintain genomic integrity, uracil DNA glycosylases (UDGs) excise uracil from DNA and initiate the base excision repair pathway. Here, we cloned, purified and biochemically characterized a family-5 UDG, UdgB from Mycobacterium smegmatis to allow us to use it as a model organism to investigate the physiological significance of this novel enzyme. Studies with the knockout strains showed that compared to the wild-type parent, the mutation rate of udgB- strain was ~2 fold higher. Whereas, the mutation rate of a strain deficient in the family-1 UDG (ung-) was found to be ~8.4 fold higher. Interestingly...
Updated: 2009-11-25 23:00:00
Authors: Suzuki S, Matsuzawa T, Nukigi Y, Takegawa K, Tanaka N
Schizosaccharomyces sp. is currently the only known organism with two types of genes encoding UDP-glucose/-galactose 4-epimerase (epimerase), uge1(+) and gal10(+). A strain deleted for uge1(+) exhibited a severe galactosylation defect and a decrease in activity and in UDP-galactose content when grown in glucose-rich medium (2% glucose), indicating that Uge1p is a major UDP-glucose/-galactose 4-epimerase under these growth conditions. In contrast, gal10(+) was efficiently expressed and involved in galactosylation of cell surface proteins in low glucose medium (0.1% glucose and 2% glycerol), but not in galactose-containing medium. In a uge1Deltagal10Delta strain, the galactosylation defect was suppressed and UDP-galactose con...
Updated: 2009-11-25 23:00:00
Authors: Staib P, Zaugg C, Mignon B, Weber J, Grumbt M, Pradervand S, Harshman K, Monod M
Although dermatophytes are the most common agents of superficial mycoses in humans and animals, the molecular basis of the pathogenicity of these fungi is largely unknown. In vitro digestion of keratin by dermatophytes is associated with the secretion of multiple proteases, which are assumed to be responsible for their particular specialization to colonize and degrade keratinized host structures during infection. To investigate the role of individual secreted proteases in dermatophytosis a guinea pig infection model was established for the zoophilic dermatophyte Arthroderma benhamiae which causes highly inflammatory cutaneous infections in humans and rodents. By use of a cDNA microarray covering a...MedWorm Message: Get the very latest Swine Flu news via the MedWorm Swine Flu RSS news feed - updated hourly from thousands of authoritative health and news sources.
Updated: 2009-11-25 23:00:00
Authors: Bratcher PE, Kim KH, Kang JH, Hong JY, Nahm MH
The recently discovered pneumococcal serotype 6C was created when the original wciN gene in the 6A capsule gene locus was naturally replaced with a new gene. Since the capsule gene loci of 6A and 6B serotypes may differ by only one base pair in the wciP gene, it was speculated that a new serotype ''6D'' would be possible if the new wciN gene were inserted into the 6B capsule gene locus. Although pneumococci expressing serotype 6D could be produced in the laboratory, initial searches for natural pneumococcal isolates expressing serotype 6D were unsuccessful. However, we now report the discovery of two naturally occurring pneumococcal isolates from Korea that have the serologic, genetic, and biochemical features predicted for seroty...
Updated: 2009-11-25 23:00:00
Authors: Lachance MA, Dobson J, Wijayanayaka DN, Smith AM
Parsimony network analysis of rDNA sequences was used to delimit phylogenetic species of yeasts in an objective, formal manner. Many strains assigned to Candida apicola (Starmerella clade), when compared to the type, fell outside the inclusion limits proposed by Kurtzman and Robnett (1998) based on a pair-wise comparison of the large subunit rRNA gene D1/D2 domains. However, when these sequences were analyzed jointly with ITS rDNA sequences by parsimony network analysis, 28 of the 30 strains formed a cohesive set. Two strains, MUCL 45721 and CBS 4353, were excluded from the species, but there was no evident justification to subdivide the rest. A similar analysis of 81 isolates originally assigned to Candida azyma (Wickerhamiella...
Updated: 2009-11-24 23:09:00
The following is an excerpt from a recent book review of Bacterial Polysaccharides: Current Innovations and Future Trends"The editor is to be congratulated in gathering a team of international experts and in editing such a mass of information and perspectives. Although the range of polysaccharides covered is broad, the detail within individual chapters is intense, up-to-date and highly informative. ... will also help to broaden the horizons of young PhD students." from John Govan, University of Edinburgh, UK writing in Microbiology Today (2009) read more ...Full range of books on microbiology at Microbiology Books (Source: Microbiology Blog: The weblog for microbiologists.)
Updated: 2009-11-24 23:08:00
The following excerpts are from recent book reviews of Microbial Toxins: Current Research and Future Trends."a collection of expert reviews of microbial toxins ... a very good overview of the state of the art ... The diagrams are useful and informative. The book will be of use to anyone that wants an up-to-date summary of microbial toxins. It will be of use to PhD students and postdoctoral scientists working on pathogenicity or toxin biochemistry ... I would like to see several copies in our University library." from Tim Mitchell, University of Glasgow, UK writing in Microbiology Today (2009) read more ..."[chapter 9 is] of special interest to mycologists" from David L. Hawksworth writing in Mycological Research (2009) 113: 908-910. read more ...Full range of books on microbiology at Micro...
Updated: 2009-11-24 23:07:00
The following is an excerpt from a recent book review of Acanthamoeba: Biology and Pathogenesis"If you are interested in Acanthamoeba species, then this is the book to turn to. Kahn explores every aspect of this protozoan genus ... The thoroughness of the book is complemented by its logical organization with discrete sections that provide information on the organism's biology, life cycle, infectious nature and mode of action, the host immune response that it provokes and the therapeutic strategies that are available to us." from Roger Pickup, Lancaster University, UK writing in Microbiology Today (2009) read more ...Full range of books on microbiology at Microbiology Books (Source: Microbiology Blog: The weblog for microbiologists.)
Updated: 2009-11-24 23:00:00
Authors: Wong FK, Lau MC, Lacap DC, Aitchison JC, Cowan DA, Pointing SB
The morphology of endolithic colonization in a limestone escarpment and surrounding rocky debris (termed float) at a high-altitude arid site in central Tibet was documented using scanning electron microscopy. Putative lichenized structures and extensive coccoid bacterial colonization were observed. Absolute and relative abundance of rRNA gene signatures using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and phylogenetic analysis of environmental phylotypes were used to characterize community structure across all domains. Escarpment endoliths were dominated by eukaryotic phylotypes suggestive of lichenised associations (a Trebouxia lichen phycobiont and Leptodontidium lichen mycobiont), whereas float endoliths w...MedWorm Message: Get the very latest Swine Flu news via the MedWorm Swine Flu RSS news feed - updated hourly from thousands of authoritative health and news sources.
Updated: 2009-11-24 23:00:00
Authors: Sakamoto T, Tsujitani Y, Fukamachi K, Taniguchi Y, Ihara H
Two distinct extracellular bifunctional proteins with beta-L-arabinopyranosidase/alpha-D-galactopyranosidase activities were purified from the culture filtrate of Fusarium oxysporum 12S. The molecular masses of the enzymes were estimated to be 55 (Fo/AP1) and 73 kDa (Fo/AP2) by SDS-PAGE. They hydrolyzed both p-nitrophenyl beta-L-arabinopyranoside and p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-galactopyranoside with different specificities. Fo/AP1 also showed low activity towards alpha-D-galactopyranosyl oligosaccharides such as raffinose. Interestingly, both enzymes hydrolyzed larch wood arabinogalactan (releasing arabinose) but not carob galactomannan, which has alpha-D-galactopyranosyl side chains. When larch wood arabinogalactan was inc...
Updated: 2009-11-24 23:00:00
Error DOI Not Found The DOI you requested 10.1111 j.1365-2958.2009.06971.x cannot be found in the Handle . System Possible reasons for the error : are the DOI has not been created the DOI is cited incorrectly in your source the DOI does not resolve due to a system problem If you believe you have requested a DOI that should be found , you may report this error by filling out the form : below Missing : DOI Referring : Page E-mail : address : Comments DOI Web Site
Updated: 2009-11-23 23:00:00
Authors: Safa A, Nair GB, Kong RY
Vibrio cholerae typically contains a prophage that carries the genes encoding the cholera toxin, which is responsible for the major clinical symptoms of the disease. In recent years, new pathogenic variants of V. cholerae have emerged and spread throughout many Asian and African countries. These variants display a mixture of phenotypic and genotypic traits from the two main biotypes (known as 'classical' and 'El Tor'), suggesting that they are genetic hybrids. Classical and El Tor biotypes have been the most epidemiologically successful cholera strains during the past century, and it is believed that the new variants (which we call here 'atypical El Tor') are likely to develop successfully in a manner similar to these biotypes. Here, we describe recent...
Updated: 2009-11-23 23:00:00
Authors: Kristensen DM, Mushegian AR, Dolja VV, Koonin EV
Metagenomic analysis of viruses suggests novel patterns of evolution, changes the existing ideas of the composition of the virus world and reveals novel groups of viruses and virus-like agents. The gene composition of the marine DNA virome is dramatically different from that of known bacteriophages. The virome is dominated by rare genes, many of which might be contained within virus-like entities such as gene transfer agents. Analysis of marine metagenomes thought to consist mostly of bacterial genes revealed a variety of sequences homologous to conserved genes of eukaryotic nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses, resulting in the discovery of diverse members of previously undersampled groups and suggesting the existence of new cla...MedWorm Message: Get the very latest Swine Flu news via the MedWorm Swine Flu RSS news feed - updated hourly from thousands of authoritative health and news sources.
Updated: 2009-11-23 23:00:00
Authors: Anderson JK, Smith TG, Hoover TR
The flagellum, a rotary engine required for motility in many bacteria, plays key roles in gene expression. It has been known for some time that flagellar substructures serve as checkpoints that coordinate flagellar gene expression with assembly. Less well understood, however, are other more global effects on gene expression. For instance, the flagellum acts as a 'wetness' sensor in Salmonella typhimurium, and as a mechanosensor in other bacteria. Additionally, it has been implicated in a variety of bacterial processes, including biofilm formation, pathogenesis and symbiosis. Although for many of these processes it might be simply that motility is required, in other cases it seems that the flagellum plays an underappreciated role in regulating g...
Updated: 2009-11-23 23:00:00
Authors: Abdeshahian P, Samat N, Hamid AA, Yusoff WM
The production of beta-mannanase from palm kernel cake (PKC) as a substrate in solid substrate fermentation (SSF) was studied using a laboratory column bioreactor. The simultaneous effects of three independent variables, namely incubation temperature, initial moisture content of substrate and airflow rate, on beta-mannanase production were evaluated by response surface methodology (RSM) on the basis of a central composite face-centered (CCF) design. Eighteen trials were conducted in which Aspergillus niger FTCC 5003 was cultivated on PKC in an aerated column bioreactor for seven days under SSF process. The highest level of beta-mannanase (2117.89 U/g) was obtained when SSF process was performed at incubation temperature, initial mois...
Updated: 2009-11-23 23:00:00
In this study, we identified these strains, and the PLD activities were compared with those of reference strains. 16S rDNA sequences and DNA-DNA hybridization tests indicated taxonomic affiliations of strain 9-6 with Streptomyces senoensis, strains 10-1 and 10-6 with S. vinaceus, and strains 10-2 and 10-3 with S. racemochromogenes. Strain 21-4, though identified as a Streptomyces sp., could not be identified with any known species. Meanwhile, most of the culture supernatants of reference strains demonstrated no or very weak PLD activity, while those of our strains exhibited significantly higher activity. All of the strains in this study were identified as Streptomyces species. The PLD activity of our strains exceeded most of the reference Streptomyces strains. The findings in this study im...
Updated: 2009-11-23 23:00:00
Authors: Lamarche MG, Harel J
In extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) strains, mutation in the PstSCAB inorganic phosphate transporter results in multiple sensitivity phenotypes and loss of virulence. Here, we show that a pst mutant is subject to an increased outer membrane permeability and that pst copy number influences fatty acids regulation. Such perturbations are likely to participate in the impaired response of pst mutants to their environment.
PMID: 19937031 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current Microbiology)
Updated: 2009-11-23 23:00:00
Authors: da Silva Coelho J, de Souza CG, de Oliveira AL, Bracht A, Costa MA, Peralta RM
Bentazon removal by Ganoderma lucidum cultured in liquid and solid state conditions was compared in this work. In solid state cultures, the fungus produced both ligninolytic enzymes, namely laccase and Mn peroxidase. In liquid cultures, the main ligninolytic enzyme produced was laccase. In both types of cultures bentazon improved the production of laccase without significant alteration in the production of Mn peroxidase. In solid state cultures, where high levels of both laccase and Mn peroxidase activities were found, the fungus was more resistant to the action of the herbicide (50 mM in solid state cultures against 20 mM in liquid cultures) and more efficient in removing bentazon (90% removal agai...MedWorm Message: Get the very latest Swine Flu news via the MedWorm Swine Flu RSS news feed - updated hourly from thousands of authoritative health and news sources.
Updated: 2009-11-23 23:00:00
Authors: Soufiane B, Côté JC
The Bacillus cereus sensu lato group comprises six related species: B. cereus, B. anthracis, B. thuringiensis, B. mycoides, B. pseudomycoides and B. weihenstephanensis. Bacillus thuringiensis is a mesophile. It is distinguished from other members of the B. cereus group by the apparition of an inclusion body upon sporulation. B. weihenstephanensis, however, is a psychrotolerant. It grows at 7 degrees C but not at 43 degrees C. It is further characterised by the presence of specific signature sequences on two genes, the 16S rRNA gene (the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene) and cspA (encoding the major cold shock protein). Five B. thuringiensis serovars selected from previous studies, bolivia, vazensis, navarrensis, azorensis and asturiensis were stud...
Updated: 2009-11-23 23:00:00
Authors: Ammons DR, Puttagunta R, Granados JC, de la Garza G, Eyambe GS, Rampersad J
An exploratory study of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and SCCmec elements in bacteria along the Mexican border of south Texas was performed. Between September and December of 2008, 375 swabs of anterior nares were self-collected by students attending the University of Texas-Pan American (UTPA) and cultured for MRSA. Fifty seven bacterial isolates were kept for further analysis that included suspected MRSA and other SCCmec-containing bacteria. Isolates were examined for the presence of nuc, mecA, lukS-PV, and spa genes using PCR. SCCmec and spa typing were also performed. Seven S. aureus isolates were found of which six were classified as MRSA. SCCmec typing showed five of the six M...
Updated: 2009-11-23 16:20:00
Details of conferences on virology from our comprehensive list at Microbiology Conferences 2010January 2010January 12 - 17, 2010 HIV Biology and PathogenesisSanta Fe, NM, USA Further informationThe Keystone Symposia Meeting on HIV Biology and Pathogenesis emphasizes key aspects of HIV research including molecular biology. The focus will be to highlight recent advances in our understanding of HIV/AIDS ranging from the earliest events of transmission, to treatments for infected individuals, to interventions to prevent viral transmission. The goal of the meeting is to emphasize the basic mechanisms of viral replication and the interplay of the virus with the immune system leading to the development of AIDS.Suggested reading: Lentiviruses and Macrophages HIV VaccinesFebruary 16 - 21, 20...MedWorm Message: Get the very latest Swine Flu news via the MedWorm Swine Flu RSS news feed - updated hourly from thousands of authoritative health and news sources.
Updated: 2009-11-23 16:00:00
Details of conferences on molecular biology from our comprehensive list at Molecular Biology Conferences 2010January 2010January 8 - 13, 2010 Structural Genomics: Expanding the Horizons of Structural BiologyBreckenridge, CO, USA Further informationStructural Biology continues to be one of the most prolific and informative ways to make biological and biomedical discoveries at the turn of the millennium, and provides fundamental molecular level insights into the underlying biological and biochemical functions. Structural genomics has been at the forefront of these developments as a major contributor to the advances of high throughput (HT) technologies and methodologies that span the gene to structure process by both crystallography and NMR. In parallel, the rapid expansion of the genome sequ...
Updated: 2009-11-23 15:51:00
The following conferences have been added to our comprehensive list at Microbiology Conferences 2010January 12 - 17, 2010 HIV Biology and PathogenesisSanta Fe, NM, USA Further informationThe Keystone Symposia Meeting on HIV Biology and Pathogenesis emphasizes key aspects of HIV research including molecular biology. The focus will be to highlight recent advances in our understanding of HIV/AIDS ranging from the earliest events of transmission, to treatments for infected individuals, to interventions to prevent viral transmission. The goal of the meeting is to emphasize the basic mechanisms of viral replication and the interplay of the virus with the immune system leading to the development of AIDS.Suggested reading: Lentiviruses and Macrophages HIV VaccinesFebruary 14 - 19, 2010 Anti...
Updated: 2009-11-23 09:09:16
Keyword Research and Developement: Phase 1 "Brainstorming"
by: Murry Daniels
Keyword research is the cornerstone of SEO, without good keyword research, your chances of a well optimized website are pretty slim. Keyword research is no longer just for a long list of terms in your keyword tag, but from an optimization standpoint, it will dictate the wording of most of your websites content.
Understanding keyword research and development begins with understanding how your clie...
Updated: 2009-11-22 23:00:00
We report the attainment of micafungin concentrations from brain tissue and pancreatic pseudocyst fluid from two patients with invasive candidiasis. Micafungin was present in low levels at both body sites, indicating limited penetration into central nervous system (CNS) tissue and pancreatic fluid. Further studies are needed to fully characterize its pharmacokinetics at these locations as micafungin may potentially serve as alternative antifungal therapy for CNS or pancreatic candidal infections failing currently recommended first-line therapy.
PMID: 19933794 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy)
Updated: 2009-11-22 23:00:00
Authors: Hopkins S, Scorneaux B, Huang Z, Murray MG, Wring S, Smitley C, Harris R, Erdmann F, Fisher G, Ribeill Y
SCY-635 is a novel non-immunosuppressive cyclosporin-based analog that exhibits potent suppression of hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication in vitro. SCY-635 inhibited the peptidyl prolyl isomerase activity of cyclophilin A at nanomolar concentrations with no detectable inhibition of calcineurin phosphatase activity at concentrations up to 2 muM. Metabolic studies indicated that SCY-635 did not induce major cytochrome P450 enzymes 1A2, 2B6, or 3A4. SCY-635 was a weak inhibitor and a poor substrate for P-glycoprotein. Functional assays in stimulated Jurkat cells and in stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) indicated that SCY-635 was a weak inhibitor of in...
Updated: 2009-11-22 23:00:00
Authors: van der Does AM, Bogaards SJ, Ravensbergen B, Beekhuizen H, van Dissel JT, Nibbering PH
The human lactoferrin-derived peptide hLF1-11 displays antimicrobial activities in vitro and is effective against infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria and fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans in animals. However, the mechanisms underlying these activities remain largely unclear. Since hLF1-11 is ineffective in vitro at physiological salt concentrations, we suggested modulation of the immune system as an additional mechanism of action of the peptide. We investigated whether hLF1-11 affects human monocyte-macrophage differentiation and determined the antimicrobial activities of the resulting macrophages. Monocytes were cultured for seven days with GM-CSF in the presence of hLF1-11,...MedWorm Message: Get the very latest Swine Flu news via the MedWorm Swine Flu RSS news feed - updated hourly from thousands of authoritative health and news sources.
Updated: 2009-11-22 23:00:00
This study demonstrates that calcium-deficient apatite loaded with vancomycin dramatically decreases the bacterial counts in bone and marrow.
PMID: 19933800 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy)
Updated: 2009-11-22 23:00:00
Authors: Miura K, Yamashiro H, Uotani K, Kojima S, Yutsudo T, Lu J, Yoshida O, Yamano Y, Maki H, Arimoto H
Van-M-02, a novel glycopeptide, was revealed to exert potent activities against Gram-positive bacteria including vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA). A crude assay system was then used to study the mode-of-action of Van-M-02 as a peptidoglycan synthesis model of both vancomycin-susceptible and -resistant strains. The results suggested that Van-M-02 inhibits the synthesis of lipid intermediates irrespective of their termini. This inhibitory activity may contribute to the anti-VRE and anti-VRSA activities.
PMID: 19933802 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy)
Updated: 2009-11-22 23:00:00
We report that P. aeruginosa contains two enoyl-ACP reductase isozymes, the previously characterized FabI homologue plus a homologue of FabV, a triclosan-resistant enoyl-ACP reductase recently demonstrated in Vibrio cholerae. By deletion of the genes encoding P. aeruginosa FabI and FabV we demonstrated that FabV confers triclosan resistance to P. aeruginosa. Upon deletion of the fabV gene the mutant strain became extremely sensitive to triclosan (>2,000-fold more sensitive than the wild type strain) whereas the mutant strain lacking FabI remained completely resistant to the biocide.
PMID: 19933806 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy)MedWorm Message: Get the very latest Swine Flu news via the MedWorm Swine Flu RSS news feed - updated hourly from thousands of authoritative health and news sources.
Updated: 2009-11-22 23:00:00
Authors: Wong A, Reddy SP, Smyth DS, Aguero-Rosenfeld ME, Sakoulas G, Robinson DA
Since the year 2000, linezolid has been used in the United States to treat infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant Gram-positive cocci. At present, linezolid-resistant (LinR) Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are rare and the diversity of their genetic backgrounds are unknown. We performed sequence-based strain typing and resistance gene characterization of 46 LinR isolates that were collected from local and national sources between the years 2004 and 2007. Resistance occurs in at least three clonal complexes (CCs; lineages) of S. aureus and in at least four subclusters of a predominant, phylogenetically unstable CC of S. epidermidis. New candidate resistance mutations in 23S rRNA ...
Updated: 2009-11-20 23:00:00
Authors: Kuo JT, Cheng CY, Huang HH, Tsao CF, Chung YC
Methods to detect the presence of coliform bacteria in drinking water usually involve a series of complex cultivating steps that are time-consuming and subject to external influences. For this reason, the new 16S rRNA probe has been developed in this study as an alternative detector PCR-ELISA technique that does not involve the culture of bacteria and that is able to detect, identify, and quantify the representative coliform species present in water samples. Our results indicate that this technique is both rapid (detection time of 4 h) and accurate (1.4% error rate). The limit of detection (LOD) was 5 CFU/100 ml for total coliforms, which meets the standards set by most countries for drinking water. Our comparative study demonstrat...
Updated: 2009-11-20 23:00:00
Authors: Guo NN, Zheng ZM, Mai YL, Liu HJ, Liu DH
The filtration in 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD) downstream process is influenced by the large amounts of capsular polysaccharides (CPS) produced by Klebsiella pneumoniae CGMCC 1.6366. The morphological and fermentation properties were investigated with the CPS-deficient mutant K. pneumoniae CGMCC 1.6366 CPS. Similar biomass was obtained with CGMCC 1.6366, and the mutant strain in batch cultures indicating the cell growth was slightly inhibited by CPS defection. The viscosity of fermentation broth by mutant strain decreased by 27.45%. The flux with ceramic membrane filter was enhanced from 168.12 to 303.6 l h(-1) m(-2), exhibiting the great importance for downstream processing of 1,3-PD fermentation. The products spectrum of mutant isolate ch...
Updated: 2009-11-19 23:00:00
Authors: Shahram M, Nicholas RA, Wood AP, Kelly DP
Analysis, using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction enzyme endonuclease analysis (REA), protein profile patterns, random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and antisera growth inhibition tests, of 22 strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Large Colony type (MmmLC) and eight strains of M. mycoides subsp. capri (Mmc) are presented, along with a summary of comparative data from the literature for over 100 strains, all of which supports the reclassification of the MmmLC and Mmc strains into the single subspecies, M. mycoides subspecies capri.
PMID: 19932578 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Systematic and Applied Microbiology)
Updated: 2009-11-19 23:00:00
Authors: You J, Dai H, Chen Z, Liu G, He Z, Song F, Yang X, Fu H, Zhang L, Chen X
The historical paradigm of the deep ocean as a biological 'desert' has shifted to one of a 'rainforest' owing to the isolation of many novel microbes and their associated bioactive compounds. To explore the potential of the bioactive compounds in our marine microbial natural product library, we screened it for the selective cytotoxicity of six different cancer cell lines to human normal lung fibroblast cell line HLF. The crude extract from a marine-derived fungal strain showed notable selectivity against cancer cell lines. For a bioactivity-guided fractionation and purification, a novel cyclopentenone, (-)-(4R (*), 5S (*))-3-ethyl-4,5-dihydroxycyclopent-2-enone (1, trichoderone), and a known compound with...
Updated: 2009-11-19 23:00:00
Authors: Brinques GB, do Carmo Peralba M, Ayub MA
Biomass and lactic acid production by a Lactobacillus plantarum strain isolated from Serrano cheese, a microorganism traditionally used in foods and recognized as a potent probiotic, was optimized. Optimization procedures were carried out in submerged batch bioreactors using cheese whey as the main carbon source. Sequential experimental Plackett-Burman designs followed by central composite design (CCD) were used to assess the influence of temperature, pH, stirring, aeration rate, and concentrations of lactose, peptone, and yeast extract on biomass and lactic acid production. Results showed that temperature, pH, aeration rate, lactose, and peptone were the most influential variables for biomass formation. Under optimized conditions, the ...
Updated: 2009-11-19 23:00:00
Authors: Freese HM, Eggert A, Garland JL, Schumann R
Bacteria are very important degraders of organic substances in aquatic environments. Despite their influential role in the carbon (and many other element) cycle(s), the specific genetic identity of active bacteria is mostly unknown, although contributing phylogenetic groups had been investigated. Moreover, the degree to which phenotypic potential (i.e., utilization of environmentally relevant carbon substrates) is related to the genomic identity of bacteria or bacterial groups is unclear. The present study compared the genomic fingerprints of 27 bacterial isolates from the humic River Warnow with their ability to utilize 14 environmentally relevant substrates. Acetate was the only substrate utilized by all bacterial strains. Only 60%...
Updated: 2009-11-19 23:00:00
Authors: Liu S, Li M, Zhang J, Kang K, Tian S, Wang Y, Xing M
The roles of 14-3-3 proteins in the lower eukaryotes are still elusive. We isolated a cDNA encoding the 14-3-3 protein (P14-3-3) from the lower eukaryote Physarum polycephalum. This P14-3-3 gene was then inserted downstream of the Gal4 DNA-binding domain in the yeast expression vector pGBKT7. The recombinant vector was transformed into auxotrophic AH109 and Y187 yeast cells to detect the activation of Gal4-regulated gene expression mediated by P14-3-3. The results showed that three reporter genes (ADE2, HIS3, and lacZ) could be normally expressed, indicating that the transcriptional activation function of P14-3-3 was retained. We subsequently used a truncated P14-3-3 peptides and mutant peptides to study the activation of th...MedWorm Message: Get the very latest Swine Flu news via the MedWorm Swine Flu RSS news feed</a - updated hourly from thousands of authoritative health and news sources.
Updated: 2009-11-19 23:00:00
Authors: Xu J, Thomsen MH, Thomsen AB
Acetic acid (AA)-catalyzed liquid hot water (LHW) pretreatments on raw corn stover (RCS) were carried out at 195 degrees C at 15 min with the acetic acid concentrations between 0 and 400 g/kg RCS. After pretreatment, the liquor fractions and water-insoluble solids (WIS) were collected separately and tested in terms of the recoveries of glucan and xylan from both the liquor fractions and the WIS, toxicity level of the liquors, and the convertibility of WIS to ethanol. The highest glucan recoveries was found to be 97.42% and 97.94% when 15 and 30 g AA/kg RCS were employed, respectively. The highest xylan recovery of 81.82% was observed by the pretreatment with 10 g AA/kg RCS. The toxic test on liquors showed that the inhibition effect happened to Bak...
Updated: 2009-11-19 23:00:00
Authors: Ribeiro SC, Prazeres DM, Monteiro GA
ColE1-like plasmids are widely used as expression vectors and as gene delivery vehicles. We have recently described a naturally occurring plasmid deletion phenomenon in the ColE1-type plasmid, pCI-neo, which leads to the detectable expression of an apparently promotorless kanamycin resistance gene. In the current work, we found that the expression of that aminoglycoside phosphotransferase (aph) gene is regulated by an RNAII preprimer promoter located within the plasmid ColE1 replication origin, as a consequence of the extension of the RNA II species for at least 1.5 kb, up to the aph gene. This mechanism is dependent on the nonformation and/or dissociation of the hybrid between plasmid DNA and RNA II preprimer transcript. This is the first ...
Updated: 2009-11-19 23:00:00
In this study, a biofilm reactor with plastic composite support (PCS) was evaluated for pullulan production using Aureobasidium pullulans. In test tube fermentations, PCS with soybean hulls, defatted soy bean flour, yeast extract, dried bovine red blood cells, and mineral salts was selected for biofilm reactor fermentation (due to its high nitrogen content, moderate nitrogen leaching rate, and high biomass attachment). Three pH profiles were later applied to evaluate their effects on pullulan production in a PCS biofilm reactor. The results demonstrated that when a constant pH at 5.0 was applied, the time course of pullulan production was advanced and the concentration of pullulan reached 32.9 g/L after 7-day cultivation, which is 1.8-fold higher than its respective suspension culture. The...
Updated: 2009-11-19 23:00:00
Authors: Ashida N, Ishii S, Hayano S, Tago K, Tsuji T, Yoshimura Y, Otsuka S, Senoo K
We developed a novel method to isolate functionally active single cells from environmental samples and named it the functional single-cell (FSC) isolation method. This method is based on a combination of substrate-responsive direct viable counts, live-cell staining with 5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate acetoxymethyl ester, and micromanipulation followed by cultivation in a medium. To evaluate this method, we applied it to study a denitrifying community in rice paddy soil. Similar denitrifier counts were obtained by the conventional most probable number analysis and our FSC isolation method. Using the FSC isolation method, 37 denitrifying bacteria were isolated, some of which harbored copper-containing n...
Updated: 2009-11-19 23:00:00
We describe an alternative approach that utilizes engineered cells expressing fluorescent proteins undergoing fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) upon cleavage by the viral 2A protease (2A(pro)) as an indication of infection. Quantification of the infectious virus titers was resolved using flow cytometry and the utility was demonstrated for the detection of poliovirus (PV1) infection. Engineered buffalo green monkey kidney (BGMK) cells expressing the cyan fluorescent protein-yellow fluorescent protein (CFP-YFP) substrate, linked by a cleavage recognition site for the PV1 2A(pro) were infected with different titers of PV1. After incubation at various time points, cells were harvested, washed, and subjected to flow cytometry analysis. The number of infected cells was determined by ...MedWorm Message: Get the very latest Swine Flu news via the MedWorm Swine Flu RSS news feed - updated hourly from thousands of authoritative health and news sources.
Updated: 2009-11-19 23:00:00
Authors: Liu P, Yuen Y, Hsiao HM, Jaykus LA, Moe C
Disinfection is an essential measure for interrupting human norovirus (HuNoV) transmission, but it is difficult to evaluate the efficacy of disinfectants due to the absence of a practicable cell culture system for these viruses. The purpose of this study was to screen sodium hypochlorite and ethanol for efficacy against Norwalk virus (NV) and expand the studies to evaluate the efficacy of antibacterial liquid soap and alcohol-based hand sanitizer for the inactivation of NV on human fingerpads. Samples were tested by RT-qPCR both with and without a prior RNase treatment. In suspension assay, sodium hypochlorite concentrations >/=160 ppm effectively eliminated RT-qPCR detection signal, while ethanol, regardless of concentration, was r...
Updated: 2009-11-19 23:00:00
Authors: Mormann S, Dabisch M, Becker B
Contaminated food is a significant vehicle of human norovirus transmission. The present study determined the effect of physicochemical treatments on the tenacity of infective human norovirus genogroup II in selected foods. Artificially contaminated produce was subjected to a selection of processes used by the food industry for preservation and by the consumer for storage and preparation. Virus recovery was carried out by ultrafiltration and monitored with bacteriophage MS2 as an internal process control. Norovirus was quantified with monoplex one-step TaqMan real-time RT-PCR and an external standard curve based on recombinant RNA standards. A RNase pretreatment step was introduced to avoid false-positive PCR results caused by accessible RNA allow...
Updated: 2009-11-19 23:00:00
Authors: Lalancette C, Di Giovanni GD, Prévost M
The inactivation of Cryptosporidium oocysts is a main driver for the selection of water treatment disinfection strategies, and microbial risk analysis offers a sound basis on which to optimize water treatment processes. USEPA Method 1622/23 provides an estimation of the total oocyst count; however, it cannot be used directly for risk assessment, as it does not determine the fraction of infectious oocysts. An improved assessment of the risk at designated sources or in treated water requires an evaluation of total oocysts and an estimate of their infectivity. We developed a dual direct detection (3D) method using differential immunofluorescent staining which allows the detection of both oocysts and cell culture infection foci for each...
Updated: 2009-11-19 23:00:00
Authors: Fukuhara Y, Inakazu K, Kodama N, Kamimura N, Kasai D, Katayama Y, Fukuda M, Masai E
The isophthalate (IPA) degradation gene cluster, iphACBDR responsible for the conversion of IPA into protocatechuate (PCA), was isolated from Comamonas sp. strain E6, which utilizes phthalate isomers as the sole carbon and energy source via the PCA 4,5-cleavage pathway. Based on amino acid sequence similarity, the genes iphA, iphC, iphB, iphD, and iphR were predicted to code, respectively, for an oxygenase component of IPA dioxygenase (IPADO), a periplasmic IPA binding receptor, a 1,2-dihydroxy-3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,5-dicarboxylate (1,5-DCD) dehydrogenase, a reductase component of IPADO, and an IclR-type transcriptional regulator. The iphACBDR genes constitute a single transcriptional unit, and ...
Updated: 2009-11-19 23:00:00
Authors: Yang C, Freudl R, Qiao C, Mulchandani A
A genetically engineered Escherichia coli coexpressing organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) and methyl parathion hydrolase (MPH) was constructed for the first time by cotransforming two compatible plasmids. Since the two enzymes have different substrate specificities, the coexpression strain showed a broader substrate range compared to strains expressing either one of the hydrolases. To reduce the mass transport limitation of organophosphates (OPs) across the cell membrane, MPH and OPH were simultaneously translocated to the periplasm and cell surface of E. coli, respectively, by employing the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway and ice nucleation protein (INP) display system. The resulting recombinant strain showed 6-fold higher whole...MedWorm Message: Get the very latest Swine Flu news via the MedWorm <a href="http://www.medworm.com/rss/search.php?qu=%2Bswine+%2B%28influenza+flu%29&t=Swine+Flu&f=infectiousdiseases&r=Any&o=d" target ="_self"Swine Flu RSS news feed - updated hourly from thousands of authoritative health and news sources.
Updated: 2009-11-19 23:00:00
Authors: Nancucheo I, Johnson DB
Glycolic acid was detected as an exudate in actively growing cultures of three chemolithotrophic acidophiles that are important in biomining operations: Leptospirillum ferriphilum, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus caldus. Although similar concentrations of glycolic acid were found in all cases, this corresponded to ca. 24% of total dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in cultures of L. ferriphilum, but only ca. 5% in those of the two Acidithiobacillus spp.. Rapid acidification (to pH 1.0) of the culture medium of At. caldus resulted in a large increase in DOC, though the concentration of glycolic acid did not change in proportion. The archaeon Ferroplasma acidiphilum grew in the cell-free spent medium of At. caldus; glycolic acid was not m...
Updated: 2009-11-19 23:00:00
Authors: Weinitschke S, Sharma PI, Stingl U, Cook AM, Smits TH
Ubiquitous isethionate (2-hydroxyethanesulfonate) is dissimilated by diverse bacteria. Growth of Cupriavidus necator H16 with isethionate was observed, as were inducible membrane-bound isethionate dehydrogenase (IseJ) and inducible transcription of the genes predicted to encode IseJ and a transporter (IseU). Biodiversity in isethionate transport genes was observed and investigated by transcription experiments.
PMID: 19933343 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology)
Updated: 2009-11-19 23:00:00
Authors: Wei J, Jin Y, Sims T, Kniel KE
The attachment and internalization of murine norovirus-1 (MNV) in biosolids, swine manure and dairy manure to Romaine lettuce were evaluated. The MNV in animal manures had similar behavior as pure MNV, however, MNV in biosolids had significantly higher attachment as well as internalization than pure MNV or MNV in manures. The incubation time of MNV in biosolids or manure did not affect the attachment. Confocal microscopy was used to observe MNV on lettuce after directly adding SYBR-gold labeled MNV on to lettuce or after the lettuce was submersed in labeled virus. MNV was observed on the lettuce surface, inside the open cut and occasionally within the stomata. In general, the lettuce with a long cut on the edge and short cuts on the stems was mor...
Updated: 2009-11-19 23:00:00
In this study, fecal enterococci were isolated from infants and screened for bacteriocin production. Bacteriocin producing E. avium isolates were obtained and a new pediocin-like bacteriocin was purified and characterized. The bacteriocin, termed avicin A, was found to be produced by isolates from two healthy infants. It was purified to homogeneity from culture supernatant by ion-exchange and reversed phase chromatography and part of its amino acid sequence was obtained. By PCR and DNA sequencing, a 7 kb DNA fragment of a bacteriocin locus was determined. The bacteriocin locus was organized in four operon-like structures consisting of i) the structural genes of avicin A and its immunity protein, ii) a divergicin-like bacteriocin (avicin B) gene, iii) an ABC bacteriocin transporter and two ...
Updated: 2009-11-19 23:00:00
Authors: Bradshaw M, Marshall KM, Heap JT, Tepp WH, Minton NP, Johnson EA
Clostridium botulinum produces the most poisonous natural toxin known and is a perennial concern to the food industry and to regulatory agencies due to the potential threat of foodborne botulism. To ensure the botulinal safety of foods, rigorous food challenge testing to validate food processing conditions and food formulations has been routinely performed. Detection of the botulinum neurotoxin is performed using the mouse bioassay and/or in vitro assays. There has been considerable interest by the food industry and regulatory agencies to minimize or even replace the use of animals in these challenge studies. In addition, due to stringent Select Agent regulations, testing of various foods using toxigenic C. botul...<bMedWorm Message: Get the very latest Swine Flu news via the MedWorm Swine Flu RSS news feed - updated hourly from thousands of authoritative health and news sources.
Updated: 2009-11-19 23:00:00
Authors: Andreeßen B, Lange AB, Robenek H, Steinbüchel A
We have developed the conversion of glycerol into thermoplastic poly(3-hydroxypropionate), poly(3HP). For this, the genes for glycerol dehydratase (dhaB1) of Clostridium butyricum, propionaldehyde dehydrogenase (pduP) of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2 and PHA synthase (phaC1) of Ralstonia eutropha were expressed in a recombinant Escherichia coli. Poly(3HP) was accumulated up to 11.8 % (wt/wt CDW) in a two step fed-batch fermentation. The present study shows an interesting application to engineer a poly(3HP) synthesis pathway in bacteria.
PMID: 19933347 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology)
Updated: 2009-11-19 23:00:00
Authors: Macarisin D, Bauchan G, Fayer R
Cryptosporidium parvum is a cosmopolitan microscopic protozoan parasite that causes severe diarrheal disease (cryptosporidiosis) in mammals, including humans and livestock. There is growing evidence of Cryptosporidium persistence in fresh produce that may result in foodborne infection, including sporadic cases as well as outbreaks. However, drinking or recreational waters are still considered the major source of cryptosporidiosis infection in humans, thereby prioritizing studies of parasite etiology in aquatic environments, while the mechanisms of transmission and parasite persistence on edible plants remain poorly understood. Using laser scanning confocal microscopy together with fluorescein-labeled monoclonal antibodies Cryptosporidium parvum ...
Updated: 2009-11-19 23:00:00
TRANSCRIPTOMIC RESPONSE OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES TO IRON LIMITATION AND FUR MUTATION.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Nov 20;
Authors: Ledala N, Sengupta M, Muthaiyan A, Wilkinson BJ, Jayaswal RK
Iron is required by almost all bacteria, but concentrations above physiological levels are toxic. In bacteria, intracellular iron is regulated mostly by the ferric uptake regulator, Fur, or a similar functional protein. Iron limitation results in regulation of a number of genes, especially those involved in iron uptake. A subset of these genes' is the Fur regulon under the control of Fur. In the present study, we have identified Fur and iron-regulated genes in Listeria monocytogenes by DNA microarray analysis using a fur mutant and its isogenic parent. To identify genes exclusively regul...
Updated: 2009-11-19 23:00:00
Authors: Bin Kingombe CI, D'Aoust JY, Huys G, Hofmann L, Rao M, Kwan J
A novel multiplex PCR method using three sets of specific primers was developed for the detection of the cytotoxic (act), heat-labile (alt), and heat-stable (ast) enterotoxin genes in Aeromonas spp. This assay was used to characterize 35 reference strains as well as 537 foodborne isolates. A total of 7 gene pattern combinations were encountered including act, alt, act/alt, act/alt/ast, act/alt/148 bp, alt/ast, and alt/148 bp. The alt gene was detected in 34 reference strains (97%), and occurred singly in 14% of these strains. The frequency of occurrence of the act/alt, act/alt/ast and alt/ast gene patterns in reference strains was 14 (40%), 2 (6%) and 2 (6%), respectively. An unpredicted amplicon was detected in 11 ...
Updated: 2009-11-19 23:00:00
This study reveals that analytical image methods (EELS and SIMS) are powerful complementary tools for investigation of metal utilization by bacteria.
PMID: 19933352 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology)
Updated: 2009-11-19 23:00:00
In this study, the gtf gene from Pediococcus parvulus 2.6 was heterologously expressed in Lactobacillus paracasei NFBC 338. When grown in the presence of glucose (7% w/v), the recombinant strain (pNZ44-GTF(+)) displayed a 'ropy' phenotype, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed strands of polysaccharide linking neighbouring cells. Beta glucan biosynthesis was confirmed by agglutination tests carried out with Streptococcus pneumoniae type 37-specific antibodies, which specifically detect glucan-producing cells. Further analysis showed approximately 2 fold increase in viscosity in broth media for the beta glucan producing strain over 24hrs when compared to the control strain which did not show any significant increase. In addition, we analysed the ability of the beta glucan produc...
Updated: 2009-11-19 23:00:00
Authors: He X, Xiao T, Kuang H, Lan X, Tudahong M, Osman G, Fang C, Rahman E
A Gram-staining-negative, yellow coloured, strictly aerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium, designated HS39T, isolated from a soil sample collected from the largest natural Populus euphratica forest in Xinjiang, China, was characterized using a polyphasic approach. The isolate grew optimally at 30-37 degrees C, at pH 6.5-8.0 and with 0-3% NaCl. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain HS39T revealed that it is a member of the genus Sphingobacterium. Sphingobacterium mizutaii ATCC 33299T was the nearest relative (94.0% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 40.2 mol%. The major fatty acids were iso-C15:0, iso-C17:0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (comprising C16:1...
Updated: 2009-11-19 23:00:00
Authors: Kämpfer P, Chandel K, Prasad GP, Shouche YS, Veer V
A yellow pigmented bacterial strain (R4-1AT), isolated from the midgut of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito (vector of lymphatic filariasis) was studied in a polyphasic approach. Cells of the isolate were rod shaped and stained Gram-negative. A comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of this organism with the sequences of the type strains of most closely related species clearly showed the allocation to the genus Chryseobacterium, with the highest sequence similarities (all 97.9%) to Chryseobacterium jejuense KACC 12501T, Chryseobacterium indologenes CCUG 14556T, Chryseobacterium arthrosphaerae CC-VM-7T and Chryseobacterium aquifrigidense KCTC 12894T. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to all other Chryseobacterium specie...
Updated: 2009-11-19 23:00:00
Authors: Sumpavapol P, Tongyonk L, Tanasupawat S, Chokesajjawatee N, Luxananil P, Visessanguan W
A Gram-positive, endospore-forming rod-shaped bacterium strain PD-A10T isolated from fermented crab (poo-khem) in Thailand was subjected to taxonomic study. Phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics including the phylogenetic analyses showed that this strain was a member of the genus Bacillus. This strain grew in the medium with NaCl 0-15%, at 4-55 degrees C and at pH 4.5-9. Menaquinone with seven isoprene units ( MK-7) was the predominant quinone. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0 and anteiso-C17:0. Polar lipid analysis revealed the presence of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, lysylphosphatidylglycerol, glycolipid, and unknown lipids. The D...
Updated: 2009-11-19 23:00:00
Authors: Ehrmann MA, Preissler P, Danne M, Vogel RF
A Gram-positive, catalase-negative and rod-shaped bacterium was isolated from brewery environment. Its phylogenetic affiliation was determined using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. It was found that the strain TMW 1.1424T belongs to the genus Lactobacillus, with three nearest 16S neighbours L. parabrevis LMG 11984T (97 %), L. brevis DSM 20054T (95.9 %) and L. hammesii DSM 16381T (96.2 %). Comparative sequencing of additional phylogenetic marker genes tuf and pheS confirmed the 16S rRNA tree topology. The DNA G+C content is 46.6 mol%. Genomic DNA-DNA similarities to L. brevis DSM 20054T, L. parabrevis LMG 11984T and L. hammesii DSM 16381T do not exceed 52.8 % revealing that the novel isolate represents a separate genomic species. The ...
Updated: 2009-11-19 23:00:00
Authors: Lisdiyanti P, Otoguro M, Ratnakomala S, Lestari Y, Hastuti RD, Triana E, Katsuhiko A, Widyastuti Y
Six strains of actinomycetes isolated from soil and plant litter samples in Indonesia were studied for their taxonomic position by polyphasic taxonomy. Phylogenetically, all the strains located in the broad cluster of the genus Actinokineospora. Chemotaxonomic data (cell wall diamino acid - meso-diaminopimelic acid, cell wall peptidoglycan - type III (A1gamma), major sugar - galactose and arabinose, major menaquinone - MK-9(H4); major fatty acids - iso-C16:0; and major phospholipids - phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)) supported the affiliation of all 6 strains to the genus Actinokineospora. The result of DNA-DNA hybridization of the strains with validly published Actinokineospora sp...
Updated: 2009-11-19 23:00:00
Authors: Hamedi J, Mohammadipanah F, von Jan M, Pötter G, Schumann P, Spröer C, Klenk HP, Kroppenstedt RM
A polyphasic taxonomic study of a halotolerant bacterium, isolated from sandyrhizosphaeral soil in Sarbandar, Persian Gulf, Iran revealed that strain HM6T represents a novel species within the genus Nocardiopsis. Results of the 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison revealed that strain HM6T clustered with strains of the genus Nocardiopsis showing the highest degree of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to N. quinghaiensis (99.2 %), N. aegyptia (98.5 %) and N. halotolerans (98.3 %). However, DNA-DNA hybridization studies with these type strains revealed less than 39.6% similarity. Rather than genotypic difference there are some phenotypic discrepancies between strain HM6T and c...
Updated: 2009-11-19 23:00:00
Authors: Srinivasan S, Kim MK, Sathiyaraj G, Veena V, Mahalakshmi M, Kalaiselvi S, Kim YJ, Yang DC
A Gram-negative, rod-shaped, motile bacterium was isolated from soil of a ginseng field in Daejeon, South Korea and characterized in order to determine its taxonomic position. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain DCY34T belongs to the family Sphingomonadaceae, and the highest degree of sequence similarity was found with Sphingopyxis witflariensis DSM 14551T (97.1%), Sphingopyxis ginsengisoli Gsoil 250T (97.0%), Sphingopyxis chilensis LMG 20986T (96.9%), Sphingopyxis macrogoltabida IFO 15033T (96.8%) Sphingopyxis alaskensis RB2256T (96.7%) and Sphingopyxis taejonensis JSS54T (96.7%). Chemotaxonomic data revealed that the strain DCY34T possesse...MedWorm Message: Get the very latest Swine Flu news via the MedWorm Swine Flu RSS news feed - updated hourly from thousands of authoritative health and news sources.
Updated: 2009-11-19 23:00:00
Authors: Sakiyama Y, Thao NK, Vinh HV, Giang NM, Miyadoh S, Hop DV, Ando K
An actinomycete strain VN05A0561(T) was isolated from plant litter collected at Ba Be National Park, Vietnam. The substrate mycelia and spore chains were fragmented as 'nocardioform' actinomycetes, the spores had smooth surfaces and were rod-shaped. The chemotaxonomic characteristics of strain VN05A0561(T) were as follows: meso-diaminopimelic acid in peptidoglycan, arabinose and galactose as characteristic sugars, MK-8(H(4)) as major isoprenoid quinone, phosphatidylcholine as diagnostic phospholipid, and iso-C(16:0) as major cellular fatty acid. Strain VN05A0561(T) shared low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities (<97%) with validly described Pseudonocardia species, and was phenotypically different from the clo...
Updated: 2009-11-19 23:00:00
Authors: Zhang DC, Schumann P, Liu HC, Xin YH, Zhou YG, Schinner F, Margesin R
Strain BZ41T was isolated from hydrocarbon-contaminated soil. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain BZ41T was related to the members of the genus Agromyces and had highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Agromyces ramosus (96.8%). The morphological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic characteristics of the isolate were consistent with the description of the genus Agromyces. The cell wall peptidoglycan of strain BZ41T was of the type B2alpha and contained the amino acids 2,4-diaminobutyric acid, alanine, glycine and glutamic acid in an approximate molar ratio of 1.8:0.7:1.1:1.0, respectively. The predominant cell wall sugars were galactose, glucose, mannose and rhamnose....
Updated: 2009-11-19 23:00:00
Authors: Anil Kumar P, Srinivas TN, Pavan Kumar P, Madhu S, Shivaji S
A novel Gram-negative, rod shaped, non-motile bacterium, designated strain LW7T, was isolated from a water sample collected at a depth of 4.5 m from Lonar Lake of Buldhana district, Maharastra, India. The cell suspension was dark reddish-orange due to the presence of carotenoids. The fatty acids were dominated by a high abundance of C15:0 (57 %) and iso C16:1 omega11c (21.7 %). Strain LW7T contained MK-4 and MK-5 as the major respiratory quinones and phosphatidylglycerol and phosphotidylethanolamine as the major phospholipids. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated Belilella baltica, a member of family 'Cyclobacteriaceae' (phylum 'Bacteroidetes') is the closest related species with a sequence similarity of 94....
Updated: 2009-11-19 23:00:00
Authors: Lee M, Woo SG, Chae M, Ten LN
A Gram-negative, motile, non-spore-forming bacterial strain, designated MJ07T, was isolated from a farm soil and was characterized to determine its taxonomic position by using a polyphasic approach. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain MJ07T belongs to the family Alcaligenaceae, class Betaproteobacteria, and is related most closely to Pusillimonas ginsengisoli KCTC 22046T (98.6 % sequence similarity) and Pusillimonas noertemannii BN9T (96.9 % sequence similarity). The levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain MJ07T and all other recognized species of the family Alcaligenaceae were below 95.2 %. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain MJ07T was 59.4 mol%. The detection of a quinone system with ubiquin...
Updated: 2009-11-18 23:00:00
In this study, we characterized biofilm formation by 10 clinical isolates each of C. parapsilosis, C. orthopsilosis, and C. metapsilosis. Biofilms were allowed to form on silicone elastomer discs to early (6h) or mature (48h) phases and quantified by tetrazolium (XTT) and dry weight assays. Surface topography and three-dimensional architecture of the biofilms were visualized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), respectively. Metabolic activity assay revealed strain-dependent biofilm forming ability of the 3 species tested, while biomass determination revealed that all 3 species formed equivalent biofilms (P>0.05 for all comparisons). SEM analyses of representative isolates of these species showed biofilms with clusters of yeast cells ad...
Updated: 2009-11-18 23:00:00
Authors: Paul M, Somkuti GA
Lactoferricin is a 25-amino acid antimicrobial peptide fragment that is liberated by pepsin digestion of lactoferrin present in bovine milk. Along with its antibacterial properties, lactoferricin has also been reported to have immunostimulatory, antiviral, and anticarcinogenic effects. These attributes provide lactoferricin and other natural bioactive peptides with the potential to be functional food ingredients that can be used by the food industry in a variety of applications. At present, commercial uses of these types of compounds are limited by the scarcity of information on their ability to survive food processing environments. We have monitored the degradation of lactoferricin during its incubation with two types of lactic acid bacteria used in the yog...
Updated: 2009-11-18 23:00:00
Authors: Koike S, Aminov RI, Yannarell AC, Gans HD, Krapac IG, Chee-Sanford JC, Mackie RI
RNA methylase genes are common antibiotic resistance determinants for multiple drugs of the macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B (MLS(B)) families. We used molecular methods to investigate the diversity, distribution, and abundance of MLS(B) methylases in waste lagoons and groundwater wells at two swine farms with a history of tylosin (a macrolide antibiotic structurally related to erythromycin) and tetracycline usage. Phylogenetic analysis guided primer design for quantification of MLS(B) resistance genes found in tylosin-producing Streptomyces (tlr(B), tlr(D)) and commensal/pathogenic bacteria (erm(A), erm(B), erm(C), erm(F), erm(G), erm(Q)). The near absence of tlr genes at these sites s...
Updated: 2009-11-18 23:00:00
In this study, we use 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences to describe variation among bacterial communities in the midguts of cabbage white butterfly (Pieris rapae) larvae and examine the influence of community structure on susceptibility to invasion. We compared communities in larvae experiencing the same conditions at different times (temporal variation) or fed different diets (perturbation). The most highly represented phylum was Proteobacteria, which was present in all midgut communities. The observed species richness ranged from six to 15, and the most abundant members affiliated with the genera Methylobacteria, Asaia, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, and Pantoea. Individual larvae subjected to the same conditions at the same time harbored communities that were highly similar in structure an...MedWorm Message: Get the very latest Swine Flu news via the MedWorm Swine Flu RSS news feed - updated hourly from thousands of authoritative health and news sources.
Updated: 2009-11-18 23:00:00
Authors: Shabir S, Hardy KJ, Abassi WS, McMurray CL, Malik SA, Wattal C, Hawkey PM
The rates of MRSA in Pakistan and India are known to be high, but few studies have described the epidemiology of the different MRSA clones present. In order to gain an understanding of the epidemiology of MRSA within this region, sixty MRSA isolates from Pakistan (49) and India (11) were genotyped. All isolates were typed using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), staphylococcal interspersed repeat units (SIRU), restriction modification (RM) method and SCCmec typing. A subset of isolates that were distinct by PFGE and SIRU were typed using Multi locus sequence typing (MLST).CC8 was the dominant clonal complex (57/60) and was present in both Pakistan and India. Within CC8, there were 10 SIRU profiles ...
Updated: 2009-11-18 23:00:00
Authors: Moliner C, Ginevra C, Jarraud S, Flaudrops C, Bedotto M, Couderc C, Etienne J, Fournier PE
Legionella species are facultative intracellular bacteria infecting macrophages and protozoa, these latter acting as transmission vectors to humans. These fastidious bacteria mostly cause pulmonary tract infections and are routinely identified by various molecular methods, mainly PCR targeting the mip gene and sequencing, which are time- and money-consuming. Recently, Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) has emerged as a rapid and inexpensive identification method of bacterial species. We evaluated the use of MALDI-TOF-MS for rapid species and serogroup identification for 21 Legionella species recognized as human pathogens. To this e...
Updated: 2009-11-18 23:00:00
Authors: Warren SJ, Tristram SG, Bradbury RS
A 29 year old pregnant woman was admitted to hospital with signs of sepsis and threatened pre-term labour. The premature neonate also showed signs of sepsis. Haemophilus influenzae biotype III was cultured from a mid-stream urine taken from the mother, maternal placental swabs and neonatal blood cultures. The placental and neonatal isolates were both found to be serotype d by PCR, and were indistinguishable by PFGE.
PMID: 19926730 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology)
Updated: 2009-11-18 23:00:00
Authors: Pascual L, Ruiz F, Giordano W, Barberis IL
One strain of Lactobacillus, identified as Lactobacillus fermentum L23, was selected from among 100 strains isolated from vaginal swabs of healthy, nonpregnant, premenopausal women. L. fermentum L23 was chosen on the basis of its bacteriocinogenic ability and its properties relevant to colonization, i.e., self-aggregation, adherence to vaginal epithelial cells, and coaggregation with bacterial pathogens. The antimicrobial preventive and curative effects produced by the probiotic L. fermentum L23 administrated locally against E. coli in a murine vaginal tract infection model were studied. One dose of this human strain L23 containing 108 CFU/ml colonized and persisted in the vaginal tract of the female BALB/c mice for 5 days. Infection ...
Updated: 2009-11-17 00:25:58
I always thought that biotech business is unique in that you can burn all the cash and sell the IP for good money. But lately several company simply filed for chapter 11. deCODE, Altus, just name a few.
What has changed?
Company just want get the debts off their back? Or there is no more valuable IPs or IP got seriously discounted these days?
Updated: 2009-11-17 00:07:53
There are good staph bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis), bad staph (Staphylococcus aureus), and really bad, pathogenic staph (MRSA). Here's a comparison.
Updated: 2009-11-10 18:22:31
Three University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine researchers have each received a one-year, $30,000 American Cancer Society seed grant through Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center at the UI. The awards were effective Nov. 1.
Songhai Chen, M.D., Ph.D., assistant professor of pharmacology, is investigating how to target certain proteins in order to inhibit the development and [...]
Updated: 2009-11-10 17:26:51
A leading cellular neuroscientist will speak as part of the Carver College of Medicine’s Distinguished Biomedical Lecture Series. Pietro, De Camilli, MD, Eugene Higgins Professor of Cell Biology and Neurobiology at Yale University will present “Molecular Mechanisms of Endocystosis” on Thursday, November 19 at 4 p.m. De Camilli’s talk is also the Department of Pharmacology’s [...]
Updated: 2009-11-10 17:19:48
Alexander Horswill, PhD, assistant professor of microbiology has been selected by the American Society for Microbiology to receive a Merck Irving S. Sigal Memorial Award. The award is one of only two such awards to be conferred by the society in 2010.
The Merck Irving S. Sigal Memorial Award recognizes excellence in basic research in medical [...]
Updated: 2009-11-06 02:30:33
November 2009
Scientist Solutions is awarding S...
Updated: 2009-11-04 17:51:28
Two researchers in the University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine have been renewed for another five years as investigators of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI). Both researchers, Kevin Campbell, Ph.D., and Michael Welsh, M.D., have been HHMI investigators since 1989.
Based in Maryland, the institute was founded in 1953 [...]
Updated: 2009-11-04 17:42:22
Preparing a wet mount of a specimen is the technique typically used to view plant and animal cells. Here is the step by step process of slide preparation.
